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Compare And Contrast Essay On 2 Topics From "1550"
Tuesday, August 25, 2020
Management Report on a case-study Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
The board Report on a - Case Study Example Chapter by chapter guide: Sl. No. Points of interest Pg. No. 1 Introduction 4 2 Outline a lot of qualities run of the mill for the authoritative culture of an entrenched private company 5 3 Current business condition for existing business in country and world more than 7 4 SWOT investigation of recently proposed sun oriented fueled and warming units 8 5 Guidelines and bearings for the proposed field-tested strategy 11 6 Organizational diagram which best suits the enhanced association 13 7 Conclusion 14 8 References 14 Introduction: Wobble and Strait Engineering Ltd. is a settled private venture taking into account the requirements of provincial, ranger service and fishery organizations. The Company was set up in 1946 and was principally family overseen. It as of now, utilizes 21 staff in different frameworks, including Stanley the Managing Director, to help the motivation behind the business. Candy, his beneficiary is currently disposed to engage in the business matters and comprehen ds that there are questions with respect to the money related adequacy of the business in the current situation of rising New Zealand dollar as against the US one. The high dollar esteem is compelling numerous ranger service and fishery organizations to concede their prerequisites with the outcome that the interest for the companyââ¬â¢s items is getting dispersed step by step. ... 2. Consider a genuine current business condition for the current business in the country and the world over. 3. Direct a SWOT investigation of recently proposed sunlight based fueled vitality and warming units. 4. Propose a few rules and headings for the proposed marketable strategy and 5. Task a hierarchical outline which best suits the new differentiated association. Framework a lot of qualities regular for the hierarchical culture of an entrenched independent company: For any business to be a going concern, it should be monetarily suitable while guaranteeing that the work principles are quality guaranteed for ensured future possibilities. All things considered, it needs to create Vision and Mission Statements which can lead it towards the objective direction of benefit augmentation. This objective can be accomplished just when an empowering society is built up in the association. Hierarchical culture is subject to the qualities it maintains towards it clients, individuals, chief t o staff and all other related between close to home affiliations. In this manner, a lot of qualities which resemble a book of scriptures to the association must be acclimatized which should be returned to guarantee that no serious deviations happen in the movement procedure. W&S, being a semi-administration situated association, has created comparable qualities (related mentalities) basing on which, it has built up every one of these years. A memory of those qualities and concentrating on recently required zones which were supervised in the earlier years is basic for the companyââ¬â¢s achievement later on: Having a Pro-dynamic Attitude: The representatives of an association ought to be excited and have faith in its motivation. They ought to be sure that the objectives of the association are attainable and at whatever point there is any leeway in the business, the
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Hamlets isolation essays
Hamlet's seclusion articles One's seclusion is regularly brought about by a terrible occasion. The distinction of suppositions conveyed by restricting gatherings during these occasions causes contentions which lead to separation. One individual's disconnection can cause their loved ones horrible hardships and feelings of anguish. Disconnection ruins connections as well as can bring about the obliteration, dissatisfaction and frequently frenzy of the individual being estranged. At the point when one can't deal with the partition being forced on them by others one begins to seclude themselves. At the point when one in disengaged they as a rule don't have the ability to change their circumstance. All through Shakespeare's Hamlet the principle character is confined from the individuals and home that he adores most by Polonius, the master chamberlain, by Gertrude, his mom, and by Claudius, his uncle. Polonius assumed a significant job in confining Hamlet from the one he adores. Polonius prohibited Hamlet from seeing his little girl, Ophelia. He didn't confide in the aims the ruler had for his girl and attempted to dissuade her from having a relationship with him. He expected that he would hurt her and thusly prompted her by saying: Try not to accept his pledges, for they are intermediaries , Not of that color which their speculations appear, In any case, simple implorations of unholy suits, Breathing like purified and devout bawds, Before long a while later Hamlet expressed acting amazingly furious toward Ophelia. He went to her wearing clothes and seriously scattered and clamed that he didn't adore her and never had. Along these lines, she educated her dad regarding this upsetting conduct. Polonius carried this data to the lord and sovereign expressing ...I swear I utilize no craftsmanship by any stretch of the imagination. That he is frantic, 'tis true... (ii 96-97) Polonius had an extraordinary aversion toward Hamlet and therefore denied all rights to see his little girl. Gertrude estranged her solitary child from herself by conflicting with everythi ... <!
Friday, July 31, 2020
Taking Dexedrine to Treat ADHD
Taking Dexedrine to Treat ADHD ADHD Treatment Print Taking Dexedrine to Treat ADHD By Jacqueline Sinfield facebook twitter Jacqueline Sinfield is an ADHD coach, and the author of Untapped Brilliance, How to Reach Your Full Potential As An Adult With ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Jacqueline Sinfield Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 25, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 17, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Paul Bradbury / Getty Images Dexedrine is a psychostimulant medication prescribed to treat ADHD. Like other stimulant medications, Dexedrine acts on the central nervous system and increases the number of neurotransmitters in the brain. The boost of two of these neurotransmittersâ"dopamine and norepinephrineâ"helps improve a personâs focus and concentration and reduces hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. Dexedrine is a brand name for a drug that is composed completely of dextroamphetamine. It is available in tablets and as capsules called Dexedrine Spansule. Dexedrine tablets are short-acting and are effective for about 4 to 6 hours.?? They are usually taken two or three times per day. Spansule is extended-release, and so is typically effective for 8 to 12 hours.?? When a capsule is taken, a first dose is released promptly, and the remaining medication is released gradually. It is taken once per day. Two types of stimulant medications are used to treat ADHD: amphetamines and methylphenidates. Dexedrine, Adderall, and Vyvanse are amphetamines. Ritalin and Focalin are part of the methylphenidate drug family. History Dextroamphetamine is one of the oldest stimulant medications. Here is a quick look at its history: 1940s â" In the mid-1940s, an American pharmaceutical company called Smith, Kline French first marketed a product called Dexedrine.1960s â" The United States passed a law that required all drugs on the market to be effective and safe. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began the Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI) program, which evaluated all the drugs that were available before 1962. The process evaluated 3,443 products and was completed in 1984. During the DESI process, Dexedrine was approved for narcolepsy and âhyperkinetic disorder of childhood.â This was a name for the condition now called ADHD.In 1976, Dexedrine Spansule was approved. It had been available before this date but had not been formally approved under the modern FDA approval standards.1990s â" In the early 1990s, several companies were making dextroamphetamine. A Timeline of ADHD Medication History Forms and Doses Short-acting Dexedrine tablets are available in 5-milligram (mg) dosages.?? Dexedrine Spansule is available in 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg capsules. Both are approved by the FDA for people six years of age and older. Your doctor will work closely with you to find the right therapeutic dose for you or your child. Typically, the lowest dose is tried first. The dose is gradually increased by five milligrams at a time until the dose is found that helps the ADHD symptoms. The dose could range from 5 mg to 40 mg. Cost Dexedrine is a brand name drug. A monthâs supply without insurance can cost about $350, depending on the frequency and dose. The generic version of Dexedrine is called dextroamphetamine.?? Both short-acting tablets and Spansule capsules are available in generic versions. However, some people report that the generic version is not as effective, or they have side effects they did not have with Dexedrine. How to Save Money on ADHD Medications Does Dexedrine Slow a Childâs Growth? In the 1970s there were concerns that taking a stimulant medication might slow or stunt a childâs growth. Because Dexedrine was a popular ADHD medication at that time, people often make a connection between Dexedrine and childrenâs growth issues. In his book Taking Charge of ADHD, Russell Barkley, Ph.D., explains that the risk of slow or stunted growth because of stimulant medication is much less than it was thought to be in the 1970s.?? When it was believed ADHD stimulant medication could affect growth, parents were advised to give their children medication holidays. This meant children would take their medication as prescribed during the school year but would have a break during school holidays and possibly on weekends. Today there is less concern about ADHD medication affecting growth, but you may wish to discuss the topic of medication holidays with your childs doctor if you have concerns. While stimulant medication helps with academic performance, it also assists with other aspects of a childâs life including social connection (friends and family members), and performance in recreational activities and sports. Doctors often monitor a childâs height while the child is taking a stimulant medication.?? You and your childâs doctor can talk about the benefits and value, for your child in particular, of taking a medication versus having a break from the medication. Does Dexedrine Cause Weight Loss? Dexedrine can suppress appetite and result in weight loss.?? If you or your child are trying to maintain or gain weight, this can be a problem. It is important to ensure adequate nutrient intake. Having breakfast before taking your medication can be helpful. Also, have snacks close at hand for when the medication starts to wear off. Always speak to your doctor so he or she is aware of the situation and can monitor it. Side Effects Some common side effects of Dexedrine include headaches, loss of appetite, weight loss, dry mouth, tremors, insomnia, and upset stomach.?? How to Manage ADHD Medication Side Effects For Women: Talk to your doctor if you are pregnant, nursing, or plan on becoming pregnant.?? Dexedrine is a category C drug and could be unsafe to an unborn child. Drug Interactions: Let your doctor know about all the medications you take, as they could interact with Dexedrine.?? This means medications that are prescribed and over-the-counter and natural treatments. If you need to stop taking Dexedrine for any reason, do not stop abruptly. Speak with your doctor to get help to taper the dose to minimize or reduce possible side effects. Is Dexedrine Still Prescribed? Yes, Dexedrine is still prescribed. However, it is considered to be an older ADHD medication. It is not as widely prescribed as the more modern stimulant medications like Adderall and Vyvanse. Some people who have taken Dexedrine in the past will switch to a newer ADHD drug, but not everyone does. Your doctor might prescribe Dexedrine if you have tried a newer ADHD medication and have not experienced relief from ADHD symptoms. New medications and special ways medications can be delivered or released in the body are being developed all the time. These new developments usually mean the patients experience and quality of life are improved. For example, Dexedrine and Vyvanse both consist of 100% dextroamphetamine. However, they differ in the delivery method. Vyvanse vs. Adderall for ADHD Vyvanse is a prodrug. It contains lisdexamfetamine, which only changes into dextroamphetamine when it is taken orally and metabolized by the bodyâs enzymes. This process takes about 1 to 2 hours. There is not a sudden kick or jolt to the body when the medication starts to work.?? Because of this, Vyvanse is often described as a smooth drug. In addition, there can be less of a medication rebound as the drugâs effects start to wear off. Another benefit of Vyvanse as a prodrug is that it is less likely to be abused. It cannot be inhaled or injected as a way to become high. How Dexedrine Differs From Ritalin It can be disappointing if you try a medication and it does not work in the way you hoped. Each person will respond slightly differently to each drug. In their book Answers to Distraction, medical doctors Edward Hallowell and John Ratey say that Ritalin can give more alertness, energy, and motivation while Dexedrine balances mood, helps with focus, and seems to calm restlessness.?? An experienced clinician will be able to listen to your ADHD symptoms and select the best medication for you. Each person experiences different benefits and side effects with their ADHD medication. This is why there is often some back and forth until you and your doctor find the right medication and dosage for you. Safety The biggest concern people have with a stimulant medication is whether it is safe. Dexedrine is a Schedule II drug, and this means there is a potential for abuse. Always take your medication as prescribed. If you have a history of substance abuse, talk about this with your doctor.?? Your doctor will be able to help you find the right ADHD treatment for you. Keep your medication in a safe place, away from other people and never share your medication. What to Know Before You Start ADHD Medication
Friday, May 22, 2020
Organic Farming Concept - 1242 Words
Create the Value: Market Segmentation Analysis and a Value Proposition: Daylesford Organic Farm Concept Week 3 Assignment Brief Description of the Daylesford Organic Farm Concept: Daylesford concept is centered on a working organic farming. The farm was originally established by Carole Bamford. Dayleford has a passion for seasonal, ethical produce that has translated into two London-based farm shops and cafes and seasonal organic, produce sold in Waitrose and other independent stores nationwide. Daylesford has won over 60 national and international awards over the last 3 years for their delicious food, sustainable practices and for their farm shop cafà © (2015, January 25). They have been in business for over 30 years. They companyââ¬â¢sâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Statically, it shows that more families in these regions would buy affordable organic products. Emphasis on Ethics Socially Responsible Actions: Marketing affordable organic food should be taking seriously and it should educate consumers on the imports of eating healthy. Dimitri and Oberholtzer stated in their article on marketing organic food is ââ¬Å"the one factor that consistently influences the likelihood of a consumerââ¬â¢s buying organic products is educationâ⬠(Dimitri and Oberholtzer 2012). It is important that mangers and marketing staff research the healthy benefits of organic food and showing consumers real facts. It is important that the affordable organic food to has real facts marketed because of the Federal Food Drug Act. The FDA forbids companies to advertise fraudulently facts about food or drug products. In addition to follow the FDA guidelines, it is important that mangers also follow Nutrition Labeling Act and Consumer Product Safety Act. All food products should have the correct nutritional information on the package under the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act. Also, the affordable or ganic food should be process and packed follow the Consumer Product Safety Act. Every safety standards should be in place to give the customers the healthiest and safest food on the market. Value Proposition: Families are wanted to buy healthier food for themselves and children because of the health benefits. Today, more and moreShow MoreRelatedThe Basic Concept Of Organic Farming1368 Words à |à 6 PagesPART A: The basic concept for organic farming is simple: allow nature to follow its natural path and achieve a natural state to develop sustainable and harmonious enterprises with the environment and community. Organic production is a holistic method of production that involves more than choosing not to use synthetic pesticides, fertilisers, genetically modified organisms (GM) on crops, and growth hormones in livestock. Organic farming is a viable alternative production method to optimise the agro-ecosystemRead MoreA Brief Note On The Organic Food Movement843 Words à |à 4 Pagesinsincerity has never better been exemplified than through the organic food industry. The term ââ¬Å"organicâ⬠has now seeped deeply into our society becoming a by-word for more ethical and healthier food production and consumption. However, the only awareness being shown by the corporations and retailers who use this label is an understanding of people can be hoodwinked into paying more for snake oil. As I have mentioned in a previous article, the organic food movement has its basis in the eccentric VictorianRead MoreThe Great Laws Of Nature : Indigenous Organic Agriculture784 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe slogan by organic farmers to promote the consumption of locally grown food through organic frelated to survival and subsistence for many people worldwide. Based on these seven UNESCO criteria, organic farmersââ¬â¢ knowledge would qualify as indigenous knowledge (Sumner, 2006). In resonance with the understanding of organic knowledge as indigenous knowledge, a Canadian documentary video, titled ââ¬Å"the great laws of nature: indigenous organic agricultureâ⬠reflects and confirms the concept of indigenousRead MoreEssay on Organic vs. Sustainable Agriculture1357 Words à |à 6 PagesOrganic vs. Sustainable Agriculture Agriculture, to many is just an industry of farmers and cows. Most people canââ¬â¢t even come close to fathom just how essential the continuance of agriculture is to not just our well being, but our very lives. People of the United States have been spoiled, theyââ¬â¢ve never had to worry about the grocery stores running empty because, even to this day, there hasnââ¬â¢t been a problem growing enough to feed, not only the U.S. but a good part of the world too. The day thoughRead MoreA Research On Animal Farm1632 Words à |à 7 PagesAnimal Farm The term: Organic deduces via natural resource - there s only so much organic matter, because organic matter is determined what has decayed and at what amount for centuries. As our populace grows, the right kind of organic matter diminishes, there lies the problem. Here s the unsavoury verity. - - - One of my bones of contention is that the consumer reads the organic term so frequently that marketing has inadvertently diluted the organic term s validity. For a starterRead MoreShould We Be Spending The Money On Organic Produce Over Non Organic Products?875 Words à |à 4 Pagesdiscussing the issue of whether or not we should be spending the money on organic produce over non organic produce. They are clearly portraying that organic food should be purchased and consumed over non organic food. They convey the message that non organic food is relatively a newer concept than organic produce as it has only come into place since 1950s, where before this all food was originally organic grown. Non-organic farmers have at their disposal an arsenal of over 320 pesticides and theyRead MoreOrganic Food Accounts For 5 Percent Of The Total Food Market Sale1289 Words à |à 6 PagesOrganic food accounts for 5 percent of the total food market sale (ââ¬Å"U.S. Organic Industry Survey 2015à ¢â¬ ).Although 5 percent may not seem as much, it is a start to the revolution of making planet Earth greener. The organic food market is growing and in order to help this growth generate more interest we need ideas that go beyond the regular grocery store. We need a new concept that will help people become more hands on the food they consume. Two TED talks, one presented by Pam Warhurst and anotherRead MoreOrganic Agriculture, As Defined By The National Organic Standards Board1163 Words à |à 5 PagesOrganic Agriculture, as defined by the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB): ââ¬Å"Is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain, and enhance ecological harmony.â⬠Which is very fancily put for agriculture with as little man made input as possible trying to farm, as they perceive at least, the most beneficial to theRead MorePile Traveled To A Pineapple Cultivation Cradle In The1296 Words à |à 6 Pagescapitals. Most inhabitants engaged in pineapple farming in turn of the century. Smooth Cayenne, an orange-skinned pineapple that has light-yellow flesh and tangy sweet taste attributes, was grown either consuming it raw or processing. The upsurge in pineapple material for factories export demand acted as an incentive for large pineapple cultivators to intensify production. Akwapim Hills has large lots of land and right climatic conditions for pineapple farming. However, when the company failed to acquireRead MoreWhole Food Markets History 553 Words à |à 2 Pagescompetition increases. The organic food market tipped during the early 1980s, before Whole Food Market ever existed. However, the organic farming concept occurred 40 years in England before it tipped in the United States. Sir Albert Howard, a man who devotes his life in agriculture research in India. After years of agricultural researchââ¬â¢s experiences and observations, he gradually evolved a philosophy and a concept of organic farming (Heckman, 2006). Organic farming was about recycling crops and
Sunday, May 10, 2020
Social Security Warns of ID Theft Scams
Almost 70 million Americans dependà on Social Security benefits. Sadly, whether you are already receiving benefits or not, your Social Security account is a tempting target for scammers. The sheer complexity of this mainline federal assistance program makes Social Security accounts particularly vulnerable to hacking by cyber attackers. As a result, the Social Security Administration has identified some particularly dangerous scams you should be aware of whether you are already receiving benefits or plan to in the future. Online Social Security Account Scam The Social Security Administration (SSA) strongly urges all current and future beneficiaries to set up a personal ââ¬Å"My Social Securityâ⬠account on its website. Opening a My Social Security account allows you to check the size of your current or future benefits and change your bank account direct deposit information or mailing address without having to visit your local Social Security office or wait on hold to speak to an agent. The bad news is that scammers also take advantage of many My Social Security accounts. In this bit of awful, scammers set up My Social Security accounts in the names of people who do not already have them, thus allowing them to transfer the victimsââ¬â¢ current or future benefits to their own bank accounts or debit cards. While Social Security will reimburse victims of this scam, it can take months and leave you without benefits during that period. How to Prevent It Scammers can only set up a bogus My Social Security account in your name if they already know your Social Security Number and other personal information, which in todayââ¬â¢s data-breach-of-the-week environment is all too likely. So, the thing to do is set up your account as soon as possible. Anyone over age 18 can set up a My Social Security account. Even if you do not intend to start drawing benefits for years, a My Social Security account can be a valuable retirement planning tool. When you set up your account, be sure to choose the ââ¬Å"Add Extra Securityâ⬠option on the online signup form. This option will cause a new security code to be sent to your cell phone or email ever time you try to access your account. You will need to enter the code in order to log on. It is sort of inconvenient, but far better than having your benefits stolen. The Fake Social Security Employee Scams There exists a whole set of scams in which the perpetratorââ¬âposing as a Social Security ââ¬Å"agentââ¬âcalls victims regarding their benefits. For example, the scammer may claim the SSA needs to verify the victimââ¬â¢s direct deposit information. In another more complex scam, the victim is told that their Social Security benefits are being cut because they have inherited a house from a relative; an event that would not result in a reduction of their Social Security benefit. To help perpetrate the fraud, the caller then places the recipient on hold and plays the same on-hold recordings actually used by Social Security. When the scammer comes back on the line, the victim is that told proceeds from the sale of the house will be sent to them if they pay the back taxes. Of course, there are no inherited houses or back taxes. How to Prevent It The SSA recommends taking extreme precautions before giving out personal information. ââ¬Å"You should never provide your Social Security number or other personal information over the telephone unless you initiated the contact, or are confident of the person to whom you are speaking,â⬠says the agency. ââ¬Å"If in doubt, do not release information without first verifying the validity of the call.â⬠Which you can do by calling Social Securityââ¬â¢s toll free number at 1-800-772-1213 to verify the legitimacy of the call. (If you are deaf or hard of hearing, call Social Securitys TTY number at 1-800-325-0778.) Also be aware that scammers have also perfected the black cyber crime art of ââ¬Å"caller ID spoofing,â⬠so even if your caller ID says, ââ¬Å"Social Security Administration,â⬠it is probably just another scammer. The Data Theft Scare Scam Given the number of actual government data breaches these days, this scam is particularly believable and dangerous. The scammer ââ¬â again pretending to work for Social Security ââ¬â tells the victim that the agencyââ¬â¢s computers have been hacked. In order find out if the victims account has been compromised, the scammer says he needs to verify that the SSA has the victimââ¬â¢s correct bank account information. To set the hook, the scammer gives the victim account information he knows is incorrect. In the end, the victim is tricked into giving the scammer their correct bank account information. Bad, very bad. How to Prevent It The SSA recommends ignoring calls and emails regarding account data breaches. The agency never initiates contact with beneficiaries by phone or email.Even letters regarding data breaches can be scams as scammers have gotten very good at making envelopes and letters look ââ¬Å"official.â⬠If you get such a letter call the real Social Security Administration at 800-772-1213 to find out if the letter is legitimate. If the letter gives any other number to call, do not call it. The No COLA For You Scam While it hasnââ¬â¢t happened since 2014, Social Security adds a cost of living adjustment (COLA) in most years based on the rate of inflation. But, when there is no increase in the consumer price index (CPI), as was the case in 2015 and 2016, there is no COLA for Social Security recipients. Scammersââ¬âagain posing as SSA employeesââ¬âtake advantage of these non-COLA years by calling, emailing or sending letters to victims stating that the SSA had apparently ââ¬Å"forgottenâ⬠to apply the COLA increase to their accounts. As with other scams, victims are given a form or link to a website where they can ââ¬Å"claimâ⬠their COLA increase by providing their Social Security Number and bank account information. By now, you know what happens next. Tell your money goodbye. How to Prevent It Ignore the letters, calls or emails. When and if they are given, Social Security applies COLAs automatically and without fail to the accounts of all current beneficiaries. You never have to ââ¬Å"applyâ⬠for them. The New, Improved Social Security Card Scam In this one, the scammer, again posing as an SSA employee, tells the victim that the agency is replacing all old paper Social Security cards with new high tech, ââ¬Å"ID theft proofâ⬠computer chips embedded in them. The scammer tells the victim that they will not get any more benefits until they have gotten one of the new cards. The scammer then claims that he can ââ¬Å"expediteâ⬠the replacement card if the victim provides their identity and bank account details. Clearly not the smart thing to do. How to Prevent It Ignore the claims. The SSA has no plans, desire or money to replace millions of old Social Security cards or to start issuing high-tech cards. In fact, the SSA recommends you not even carry your Social Security card with you due to the threat of identity theft. Instead, memorize your Social Security number and put the card in a safe, secret place. Report Suspected Scams The SSAââ¬â¢s office of inspector general asks Americans to report known or suspected incidents of scams. Reports can be submitted online at the SSAââ¬â¢s Report Fraud, Waste or Abuse website. Reports can also be submitted by mail to: Social Security Fraud Hotlineââ¬â¹P.O. Box 17785Baltimore, Maryland 21235 In addition, reports can be submitted by telephone to 1-800-269-0271 from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (TTY: 1-866-501-2101 for the deaf or hard of hearing.)
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Choque cultural Free Essays
When we think about traveling, we donââ¬â¢t usually think about the ââ¬Å"side effectsâ⬠that it might have. Now, Iââ¬â¢m going to talk about one of them that is called ââ¬Å"culture shockâ⬠and try to connect with the experience I had abroad. Culture shock Is a subject thatââ¬â¢s been studied for many psychologists and can be defined as a feeling of uncertainty, confusion or anxiety that people experience when they live In or visit a different culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Choque cultural or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the studies they classified that In five stages. The first stage Is known as ââ¬Å"honeymoonâ⬠In this period of time Is when you first arrive abroad and everything Is new excellent and kind of strange, you want to see the different social norms, try the weird new food and get Into the modes of conversation of the new culture, In this period you might even suffer from the time difference and you body can feel it, but you are excited the discover what that new place has to offer to you. This stage can last for a long while, because it might seem as an adventure. However, the second stage can be a little bit harder, because in this stage is the erred that you kind of settled down into that new world, itââ¬â¢s the time you can have problems because of the language barrier or with the rules of the house, if you live in a homesteads then you also start realizing certain things when you start having your tasks, such as working and studying; if you live by yourself you have to do all the housework, like cleaning, doing laundry, cooking, doing groceries.. TCL, In the same stage, you start missing your family friends and things from your house, it might happen even more if you are not welcome in the place you are staying. Something that shouldnââ¬â¢t be a problem for you if you were in your homeland, now that you are abroad, it is going to be a problem, and because of this you may develop unhealthy habits (like smoking/ drinking too much, or being so concerned over food or contact with people from that culture) sometimes when itââ¬â¢s really hard to the people deal with this shock, they may even get sick or have healthy problems, and it may make them want to go back to their own culture or even spend their time with people from their own culture . This is known as the rejection stage. The third stage Is called the adjustment stage. It happens when you start realizing that all those bad things that happened before were not so bad. In this stage you realize that you ââ¬Å"grew upâ⬠, you start feeling stronger, you basically can take care of yourself without ââ¬Å"much helpâ⬠you fell really Independent. The fourth stage Is called ââ¬Å"at ease at lastâ⬠In this stage, you feel as If you are home, feeling comfortable, you can face strongly with the problems you might have and you will know how to deal and solve them. In this stage you are able to even give advice to people from your country that has Just arrived abroad. The fifth and last stage of culture shock, Is not really known, It Is called reverse culture shock, which for me was the hardest! You suffer of that when you go back to you own culture, and realize that you have changed and the things there as well. You feel a fish out of the water. All the simple things that were k before you left, now are a problem or you have difficult to adapt yourself again. How to cite Choque cultural, Papers
Wednesday, April 29, 2020
Management Information System Essay Example
Management Information System Paper Managementà Informationà Systems MANAGINGà THEà DIGITALà FIRM,à 12TH EDITION Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Learningà Objectives Chapterà 1 INFORMATIONà SYSTEMSà INà INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BUSINESSà TODAY VIDEOà CASES Caseà 1:à UPSà Globalà Operationsà withà theà DIADà IV Caseà 2:à IBM,à Cisco,à Google:à Globalà Warmingà byà Computer â⬠¢ Understandingà theà effectsà ofà informationà systemsà onà businessà andà theirà relationshipà toà globalization. Explain why information systems are so essential in Explainà whyà informationà systemsà areà soà essentialà inà businessà today. â⬠¢ Defineà anà informationà systemà andà describeà itsà management,à organization,à andà technologyà components. 2 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Learningà Objectivesà (cont. ) Theà Newà Yankeeà Stadiumà Looksà toà theà Future â⬠¢ Defineà complementaryà assetsà andà explainà howà they nsureà thatà informationà systemsà provideà genuineà valueà toà anà organization. â⬠¢ Describeà theà differentà academicà disciplinesà usedà toà studyà informationà systemsà andà explainà howà eachà study information systems and explain how each contributesà toà ourà understandingà ofà them. â⬠¢ Explainà whatà isà meantà byà aà sociotechnicalà systemsà perspective. â⬠¢ Problem:à Yankeeà fansà choosingà toà watchà gamesà onà TVà orà chooseà otherà formsà ofà entertainment â⬠¢ Solutions:à Useà informationà systemsà toà enhanceà experience. Gameà So ut o s Use o at o syste s to e a ce e pe e ce Ga e coverage,à statistics,à deliveredà viaà ubiquitousà HDTVà monitors,à mobilesà canà orderà concessions,à viewà replays , p y â⬠¢ Ciscoà Systemsà providesà technologyà toà makeà Yankeeà Stadiumà theà mostà wiredà inà allà ofà baseball most wired in all of baseball â⬠¢ Demonstratesà ITââ¬â¢sà roleà inà providingà newà productsà andà services. â⬠¢ Illustratesà theà benefitsà ofà utilizingà networksà andà mobileà applicationsà toà enhanceà entertainment,à information. , 3 à © Prentice Hall 2011 4 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today Informationà Technologyà Capitalà Investment â⬠¢ Howà informationà systemsà areà transformingà business ââ¬â Increaseà inà wirelessà technologyà use,à Webà sites ââ¬â Increased business use of Web 2 0 technologies Increasedà businessà useà ofà Webà 2. 0à technologies ââ¬â Cloudà computing,à mobileà digitalà platformà allowà moreà distributedà work,à decision? aking,à andà collaboration di ib d k d ii ki d ll b i â⬠¢ Globalizationà opportunities pp ââ¬â Internetà hasà drasticallyà reducedà costsà ofà operatingà onà globalà scale global scale ââ¬â Presentsà bothà c hallengesà andà opportunities 5 à © Prentice Hall 2011 FIGUREà 1? 1 Informationà technologyà capitalà investment,à definedà asà hardware,à software,à andà communicationsà equipment,à grewà fromà 32à percentà toà 52à percentà ofà allà investedà capitalà betweenà 1980à andà 2009. 6 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems We will write a custom essay sample on Management Information System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Management Information System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Management Information System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today â⬠¢ Inà theà emerging,à fullyà digitalà firm ââ¬â Significantà businessà relationshipsà areà digitallyà enabledà andà mediated ââ¬â Coreà businessà processesà areà accomplishedà throughà digitalà networks digital networks ââ¬â Keyà corporateà assetsà areà managedà digitally MISà INà YOURà POCKET Readà theà Interactiveà Sessionà andà discussà theà followingà questions Read the Interactive Session and discuss the following questions Whatà areà theà advantagesà ofà usingà mobileà handheldà devices? Whatà areà theà disadvantages? â⬠¢ What feat res are needed in a mobile to make it a Whatà featuresà areà neededà inà aà mobileà toà makeà ità aà busi nessà solution? â⬠¢ Whatà businessà functionsà canà beà performedà byà usingà handheldsà alone? Howà haveà otherà companiesà handhelds alone? How have other companies utilizedà handhelds? 8 à © Prentice Hall 2011 â⬠¢ Digitalà firmsà offerà greaterà flexibilityà inà organizationà andà management g ââ¬â Timeà shifting,à spaceà shifting 7 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today â⬠¢ Growingà interdependenceà betweenà abilityà toà useà informationà technologyà andà abilityà toà implementà corporateà strategiesà andà achieveà corporateà goals â⬠¢ Businessà firmsà investà heavilyà inà informationà systemsà toà achieveà sixà strategicà businessà objectives: to achieve six strategic business objectives: 1. . 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 9 â⬠¢ Operationalà excellence: p ââ¬â Improvementà ofà efficiencyà toà attainà higherà profitability fi bili ââ¬â Information systems, technology an Informationà systems,à technologyà anà importantà toolà inà achievingà greater à efficiencyà andà productivity efficiency and productivity ââ¬â Walmartââ¬â¢sà RetailLinkà systemà linksà suppliersà y pp toà storesà forà superiorà replenishmentà system 10 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Operationalà excellence Newà products,à services,à andà businessà models New products services and business models Customerà andà supplierà intimacy Improvedà decisionà making Improved decision making Competitiveà advantage Survival à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today Newà products,à services,à andà businessà p , , models: ââ¬â Businessà model:à describesà howà companyà produces,à delivers,à andà sellsà productà orà serviceà toà createà wealth ââ¬â Information systems and technology a major Informationà systemsà andà technologyà aà majorà enablingà toolà forà ne wà products,à services,à businessà models business models â⬠¢ Examples:à Appleââ¬â¢sà iPod,à iTunes,à iPhone,à iPad,à Google sà Androidà OS,à andà Netflix Googleââ¬â¢s Android OS and Netflix 11 à © Prentice Hall 2011 â⬠¢ Customerà andà supplierà intimacy: ââ¬â Servingà customersà wellà leadsà toà customersà returning,à whichà raisesà revenuesà andà profits returning, which raises revenues and profits â⬠¢ Example:à High? ndà hotelsà thatà useà computersà toà trackà customerà preferencesà andà useà toà to track customer preferences and use to monitorà andà customizeà environment ââ¬â Intimacyà withà suppliersà allowsà themà toà provideà i ih li ll h id vitalà inputs,à whichà lowersà costs â⬠¢ Example:à J. C. Penneyââ¬â¢sà informationà systemà whichà linksà salesà recordsà toà contractà manufacturer 12 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today Improvedà decisionà making ââ¬â Withoutà accurateà information: â⬠¢ Managers must use forecasts best guesses luck Managersà mustà useà forecasts,à bestà guesses,à luck â⬠¢ Leadsà to: ââ¬â Overproduction underproduction of goods and services Overproduction,à underproductionà ofà goodsà andà services ââ¬â Misallocationà ofà resources ââ¬â Poor response times Poorà responseà times â⬠¢ Operationalà excellence: ââ¬â Improvementà ofà efficiencyà toà attainà higherà profitability â⬠¢ New products services and business models Newà products,à ser vices,à andà businessà models: ââ¬â Enabledà byà technology â⬠¢ Customerà andà supplierà intimacy: Serving customers raises revenues and profits Servingà customersà raisesà revenuesà andà profits ââ¬â Betterà communicationà withà suppliersà lowersà costs â⬠¢ Poorà outcomesà raiseà costs,à loseà customers ââ¬âE Example:à Verizonââ¬â¢sà Web? basedà digitalà dashboardà toà l V i ââ¬â¢ W b b d di it l d hb d t provideà managersà withà real? timeà dataà onà customerà complaints,à networkà performance,à lineà outages,à etc. complaints network performance line outages etc 13 à © Prentice Hall 2011 â⬠¢ Improvedà decisionà making ââ¬â More accurate data leads to better decisions Moreà accurateà dataà leadsà toà betterà decisions 14 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today â⬠¢ Competitiveà advantage p g ââ¬â Deliveringà betterà performance ââ¬â Chargingà lessà forà superiorà products ââ¬â Respondingà toà customersà andà suppliersà inà realà time ââ¬â Examples:à Apple,à Walmart,à UPS p pp , , â⬠¢ Survival ââ¬â Informationà technologiesà asà necessityà ofà business ââ¬â Mayà be: Industry levelà changes,à e. g. Citibank sà â⬠¢ Industry? level changes, e. g. Citibankââ¬â¢s introductionà ofà ATMs â⬠¢ Governmental regulations requiring record? Governmentalà regulationsà requiringà record? keeping ââ¬âE Examples:à Toxicà Substancesà Controlà Act,à Sarbanes? l T i S bt C t lA t S b Oxleyà Actà à © Prentice Hall 2011 16 à © Prentice Hall 2011 15 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Theà Roleà ofà Informationà Systemsà inà Businessà Today Theà Interdependenceà Betweenà Organizationsà andà Informationà Technology Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems â⬠¢ Informationà system: Setà ofà interrelatedà componentsà ââ¬â Collect process store and distribute information Collect,à process,à store,à andà distributeà information ââ¬â Supportà decisionà making,à coordination,à a ndà control â⬠¢ Informationà vs. data ââ¬â Data are streams of raw facts Dataà areà streamsà ofà rawà facts ââ¬â Informationà isà dataà shapedà intoà meaningfulà form Figureà 1. 2 Inà contemporaryà systemsà thereà isà aà growingà interdependenceà betweenà aà firmââ¬â¢sà informationà systemsà andà itsà businessà capabilities. Changesà inà à strategy,à rules,à andà businessà processesà increasinglyà requireà changesà inà hardware,à software,à databases,à andà à telecommunications. Often,à whatà theà organizationà wouldà likeà toà doà dependsà onà whatà itsà systemsà willà permità ità toà do. 17 à © Prentice Hall 2011 18 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Dataà andà Information Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems â⬠¢ Threeà activitiesà ofà informationà systemsà produceà informationà organizationsà need 1. Input:à Capturesà rawà dataà fromà organizationà orà externalà environment 2. Processing:à Convertsà rawà dataà intoà meaningfulà form 3. Output:à Transfersà processedà informationà toà peopleà orà activitiesà thatà useà it people or acti ities that se it Figureà 1. 3 Rawà dataà fromà aà supermarketà checkoutà counterà canà beà processedà andà organizedà toà produceà meaningfulà information,à suchà asà theà totalà unità salesà ofà dishà detergentà orà theà totalà salesà revenueà fromà dishà detergentà forà aà specificà storeà orà salesà territory. 19 à © Prentice Hall 2011 20 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Functionsà ofà anà Informationà System Information System Anà informationà systemà containsà informationà aboutà anà organizationà andà itsà surroundingà environment. Threeà basicà activitiesââ¬âinput,à processing,à andà outputââ¬â produceà theà informationà organizationsà need. Feedbackà d db k isà outputà returnedà toà appropriateà peopleà orà activitiesà inà theà organizationà toà evaluateà andà refineà theà input. and refine the input Environmentalà actors,à suchà asà customers,à suppliers,à competitors,à stockholders,à andà regulatoryà agencies,à interactà regulatory agencies interact withà theà organizationà andà itsà informationà systems. Figureà 1. 4 â⬠¢ Feedback: ââ¬â Outputà returnedà toà appropriateà membersà ofà organizationà toà helpà evaluateà orà correctà inputà stage organization to help evaluate or correct input stage â⬠¢ Computer/Computerà programà vs. informationà system ââ¬â Computers and software are technical foundation Computersà andà softwareà areà technicalà foundationà andà tools,à similarà toà theà materialà andà toolsà usedà toà buildà aà house build a house 21 à © Prentice Hall 2011 22 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Informationà Systemsà Areà Moreà Thanà Are More Than Computers Usingà informationà systemsà effectivelyà requiresà anà effectively requires an understandingà ofà theà organization,à management,à andà informationà technologyà shapingà theà systems. Anà shaping the systems An informationà systemà createsà valueà forà theà firmà asà anà organizationalà andà managementà solutionà toà management solution to challengesà posedà byà theà environment. Figureà 1. 5 Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Organizationalà dimensionà ofà informationà systems ââ¬â Hierarchy of authority responsibility Hierarchyà ofà authority,à responsibility â⬠¢ Seniorà management â⬠¢ Middleà management Operationalà management â⬠¢ Operational management â⬠¢ Knowled geà workers â⬠¢D t Dataà workers k â⬠¢ Productionà orà serviceà workers à © Prentice Hall 2011 24 à © Prentice Hall 2011 23 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Levelsà inà aà Firm Businessà organizationsà areà hierarchiesà consistingà ofà threeà principalà levels:à seniorà management,à middleà management,à andà operationalà t d ti l management. Informationà systemsà serveà eachà ofà theseà levels. Scientistsà andà knowledgeà workersà oftenà workà knowledge workers often work withà middleà management. Figureà 1. 6 Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems â⬠¢ Organizationalà dimensionà ofà informationà systemsà (cont. ) ââ¬â Separation of business functions Separationà ofà businessà functions â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ Salesà andà marketing Humanà resources Financeà andà accounting Manufacturingà andà production Uniqueà businessà processes q p ââ¬â Uniqueà businessà culture ââ¬â Organi ational politics Organizationalà politics 25 à © Prentice Hall 2011 26 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1: à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems â⬠¢ Managementà dimensionà ofà informationà g systems ââ¬â Managersà setà organizationalà strategyà forà respondingà toà businessà challenges ââ¬â Inà addition,à managersà mustà actà creatively: â⬠¢ Creation of new products and services Creationà ofà newà productsà andà services â⬠¢ Occasionallyà re? creatingà theà organization â⬠¢ Technologyà dimensionà ofà informationà gy systems ââ¬â Computerà hardwareà andà software ââ¬â Data management technology Dataà managementà technology ââ¬â Networkingà andà telecommunicationsà technology â⬠¢ Networks,à theà Internet,à intranetsà andà extranets,à Worldà Wideà Web ââ¬â ITà infrastructure:à providesà platformà thatà systemà isà builtà on 28 à © Prentice Hall 2011 27 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems UPSà COMPETESà GLOBALLYà WITHà INFORMATIONà TECHNOLOGY Readà theà Interactiveà Sessionà andà discussà theà followingà questions Read the Interactive Session and discuss the following questions â⬠¢ Dimensionsà ofà UPSà trackingà system g y ââ¬â Organizational:à â⬠¢ Proceduresà forà trackingà packagesà andà managingà inventoryà andà provideà information ââ¬â Management:à â⬠¢ Monitor service levels and costs Monitorà serviceà levelsà andà costs ââ¬â Technology:à â⬠¢ Handheldà computers,à bar? odeà scanners,à networks,à desktopà computers,à etc. 30 à © Prentice Hall 2011 â⬠¢ Whatà areà theà inputs,à processing,à andà outputsà of UPSââ¬â¢sà packageà trackingà system? â⬠¢ What technologies are sed b UPS? Ho are these Whatà technologiesà areà usedà byà UPS? Howà areà theseà technologiesà relatedà toà UPSââ¬â¢sà businessà strategy? â⬠¢ Whatà problemsà doà UPSââ¬â¢sà informationà systemsà solve? Whatà wouldà happenà ifà theseà systemsà wereà solve? What would happen if these systems were notà available? 29 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems â⬠¢ Businessà perspectiveà onà informationà p p systems: ââ¬â Informationà systemà isà instrumentà forà creatingà value ââ¬â Investmentsà inà informationà technologyà willà resultà inà superiorà returns: in superior returns: â⬠¢ Productivityà increases â⬠¢R Revenueà increases i â⬠¢ Superiorà long? termà strategicà positioningà 31 à © Prentice Hall 2011 â⬠¢ Businessà informationà valueà chain Rawà dataà acquiredà andà transformedà throughà stagesà thatà addà valueà toà thatà information stages that add value to that information ââ¬â Valueà ofà informationà systemà determinedà inà partà byà extentà toà whichà ità leadsà toà betterà decisions,à hi h i l d b d ii greaterà efficiency,à andà higherà profits â⬠¢ Businessà perspective: ââ¬â Callsà attentionà toà organizationalà andà managerialà natureà ofà informationà systems 32 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Theà Businessà Informationà Valueà Chain Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Variationà inà Returnsà Onà Informationà On Information Technologyà Investment Although,à onà average,à investmentsà inà informationà technologyà produceà returnsà farà aboveà thoseà returnedà byà otherà investments,à thereà isà i t t th i considerableà variationà acrossà firms. Figureà 1. 8 Figure 1 8 Figureà 1? 7 Fromà aà businessà perspective,à informationà systemsà areà partà ofà aà seriesà ofà value? addingà activitiesà forà acquiring,à transforming,à andà distributingà informationà thatà managersà canà useà toà improveà decisionà making,à enhanceà organizationalà performance,à and,à ultimately,à increaseà firmà profitability. l f d l l f f bl 3 à © Prentice Hall 2011 34 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems â⬠¢ Investingà inà informationà technologyà doesà notà guaranteeà goodà returns â⬠¢ C id bl Considerableà variationà inà theà returnsà firmsà i i i h fi receiveà fromà systemsà investments â⬠¢ Factors:à ââ¬â Adoptingà theà rightà businessà model ââ¬â Investing in complementary assets Investingà inà complementaryà assetsà (organizationalà andà managementà capital) 35 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Complementaryà assets:à p y ââ¬â Assetsà requiredà toà deriveà valueà fromà aà primaryà investment i i ââ¬â Firms supporting technology investments Firmsà supportingà technologyà investmentsà withà investmentà inà complementaryà assetsà receiveà superiorà returns receive su perior returns ââ¬â E. g. :à investà inà technologyà and theà peopleà toà g gy p p makeà ità workà properly 36 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Perspectivesà onà Informationà Systems Contemporaryà Approachesà toà Informationà Systems Contemporaryà Approachesà toà Approaches to Informationà Systems Theà studyà ofà informationà systemsà dealsà withà issuesà andà systems deals with issues and insightsà contributedà fromà technicalà andà behavioralà disciplines. Figureà 1. 9 â⬠¢ Complementaryà assetsà include: ââ¬â Organizationalà assets,à e. g. â⬠¢ Appropriate business model Appropriateà businessà model â⬠¢ Efficientà businessà processes ââ¬â Managerialà assets,à e. g. l â⬠¢ Incentivesà forà managementà innovation â⬠¢ Teamworkà andà collaborativeà workà environments ââ¬â Socialà assets,à e. g. g â⬠¢ Theà Internetà andà telecommunicationsà infrastructure â⬠¢ Technology standards Technologyà standards 37 à © Prentice Hall 2011 38 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Contemporaryà Approachesà toà Informationà Systems Contemporaryà Approachesà toà Informationà Systems â⬠¢ Technicalà approach pp ââ¬â Emphasizesà mathematicallyà basedà models ââ¬â Computerà science,à managementà science,à operationsà research â⬠¢ Managementà Informationà Systems Combinesà computerà science,à managementà science,à operationsà researchà andà practicalà orientationà withà operations research and practical orientation with behavioralà issues â⬠¢ Behavioralà approach ââ¬â Behavioralà issuesà (strategicà businessà integration,à implementation,à etc. ) p , ) ââ¬â Psychology,à economics,à sociology 39 à © Prentice Hall 2011 â⬠¢ F Fourà mainà actors i t ââ¬â ââ¬â ââ¬â ââ¬â 40 Suppliersà ofà hardwareà an dà software Suppliers of hardware and software Businessà firms Managersà andà employees d l Firmââ¬â¢sà environmentà (legal,à social,à culturalà context) à © Prentice Hall 2011 Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Managementà Informationà Systems CHAPTERà 1:à INFORMATIONà INà BUSINESSà SYSTEMSà TODAY Contemporaryà Approachesà toà Informationà Systems Contemporaryà Approachesà toà Informationà Systems Aà Sociotechnicalà Perspectiveà onà Informationà Systems â⬠¢ Approach of this book: Approachà ofà thisà book:à Sociotechnicalà view â⬠¢ Optimalà organizationalà performanceà achievedà byà jointlyà optimizingà bothà achieved by jointly optimizing both socialà andà technicalà systemsà usedà inà production d ti Helpsà avoidà purelyà technologicalà â⬠¢ Helps avoid purely technological approach Figureà 1? 0 Figure 1? 10 Inà aà sociotechnicalà perspective,à theà performanceà ofà aà systemà isà optimizedà whenà bothà theà technologyà andà theà In a sociotechnical perspective the performance of a sys tem is optimized when both the technology and the organizationà mutuallyà adjustà toà oneà anotherà untilà aà satisfactoryà fità isà obtained. 41 à © Prentice Hall 2011 Management Information System Essay Example Management Information System Essay Faculty of Business, Economics and Public Policy University of Brunei Darussalam Negara Brunei Darussalam Semester II (2011/2012) Module Title: Management Information System (BB5107) Coursework: How can IS/IT help my Organization? A coursework submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Business Administration (MBA) Name| Hj Mohd Shril Hj Matsawali| Registration No. | 11M0030| Programme| Master of Business Administration| Lecturer| Dr Hj Mohammad Nabil Almunawarah| Deadline| 15th April 2012| - Abstract This research approaches the issues on role of Information System and how it help organizations, with the aim of finding some conditions that make the organizational context able to manage the change process needed to really get the potential benefits of these technologies. This paper will further explain the process, types, benefits and how to ensure effective implementation of information system. Introduction In any business organization, data is the most important thing. Different type of information is produced from data. When the amount of data is large, it becomes more difficult to process this data manually. In order to get quick results and timely information, an Information System is used in almost all organizations. Information Systems (IS) development raises many important challenges to organizations. Nowadays, depending on the type of organization, to some extent business processes are supported by some kind of IS. It is not unusual to have in some organizations information and procedures islands lacking from a desirable integrated access to information. Managers are increasingly recognizing the competitive and strategic value of information systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Information System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Management Information System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Management Information System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It has been considered that information is the most valuable assets in any organization apart from its personnel, financial capital, plant and equipment because it describes these physical resources and the environment in which they exist. Owning and upgrading their information system is now not an option in this technology-driven era; it is a requirement because organization that use an up-to-date information system to gather, assimilate, and evaluate internal as well as external information are gaining competitive advantage over other firms. What is an organisation? Organization is a socialà unità of people, systematicallyà structured and managed to meet aà needà or to pursue collectiveà goals on aà continuingà basis (http://www. businessdictionary. com). An organization is a stable, formal social structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs. (http://phaariz. files. wordpress. com/2010/03/laudon-feature-3. pdf) They are also bureaucracies with clear-cut divisions of labor and specialization and arrange these specialists in a hierarchical manner in which everyone is accountable to someone and authority is limited to specific actions governed by abstract rules or procedures that must abide by laws. The organization is devoted to the principle of efficiency: maximizing output using limited inputs. Other features of organizations include business processes, organizational culture, organizational politics, surrounding environments, structure, goals, constituencies, and leadership styles. Organization is also considered to be an information entity (Lucas H. R. Jr (1994). This means that organization collect and assemble data from number of sources. Data is considered by scholar to be streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form people can understand and use which is usually called information. Information is data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to humans. The information however was viewed as an unfortunate, costly by product of doing business ââ¬â simply ââ¬Å"red-tapeâ⬠(Laudon K. C, Laudon J. P. 1995). Thus, all of these features surrounding the organization must be acquired and analyzed and this affects the kinds of information systems used by organizations. How organization work traditionally before IS It is important to first understand how organization operates traditionally way before information system is introduced before it can show and compare how information system improve and help organisation. Under the old paradigm, the firm was governed by a relatively rigid functional structure inhibits cross-functional information flows. One of the other key problems identified in conventional organisation is working in silos. Silos are organisational units where there is a breakdown in communication, co-operation and co-ordination with both internal and external parties. In a paper quoting a 2003 Survey on Leadership Challenges by the American Management Association, Florence Stone notes that: ââ¬Å".. getting people who have different agendas to work together is amongst the biggest obstacles facing business todayâ⬠(Stone, 2004, p 11 cited at Fenwick et al p. ). In a recent paper Conrad Guelke notes that ââ¬Å". organisational parochialism is characterised by a lack of co-operation between [and within] agencies. In a corporate environment where decision-making is being increasingly ââ¬Å"unbundledâ⬠, and business unit fiscal performance is the priority, the values of teamwork and co-operation are often neglectedâ⬠(Guelke, 2005, p 749 cited at Fenwick et al 2009 p. 3). Most organisations and organ isational units will have some silo characteristics at any given time. But silos become problematic when they are develop to a point that good performance suffers. The challenge is to indentify silos that are problematic or that threaten to become so, and to identify and take remedial steps. One of the ways to overcome this problem is by the setting up an information system in the organisation. What is Information System? An information system is a set of organized procedures that, when executed, provides information to support the organization (Lucas H. C. Jr 1994). According to Laudon K. C. et al. 1995), an information system is a set of interrelated components that sense, communicate, analyze, and display information for the purpose of enhancing perception, understanding, control and creative ability. Alter S. (1991) however argued that information system is a combination of work practices, information, people, and information technologies organized to accomplish goals in an organization. Information systems (IS) are sets of components that are organ ized in a way that supports the execution of some function(s) (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering IEEE, 1990 cited at Obeng S. 010). Nickerson (2000) does not limit the components to being only technical ââ¬â such as computers and code ââ¬â but sees that the people, the processes, and the information are also parts of an information system. Therefore it can be said that an information system is a system that provides management and other personnel within an organization with up-to-date information regarding the organizations performance; for example, current inventory and sales. Thus, it is important to understand the relationship or role of information ystem in any organization and how it would directly help them. An IS system isnt just a collection of hardware and software, its much more than that, its a tool. This tool can be used in a number of ways, and the value of it really depends on how a business opts to utilize it (Goessl L. 2008). Information systems are rarely innovative or out of the box business solutions. However manager will not be able to design new systems successfully or understand existing systems without understanding your own business organization. Relationship of Information System with Organization All businesses share one common asset, regardless of the type of business. It does not matter if they manufacture goods or provide services. It is a vital part of any business entity, whether a sole proprietorship or a multinational corporation. That common asset is information. The amount of information in organizations is heavily increasing and it has become vitally important to efficiently manage and share information inside the organization (Anna, 2009 cited at Obeng S. 2010). Information enables us to determine the need to create new products and services. Information tells us to move into new markets or to withdraw from other markets. Without information, the goods do not get made, the orders are not placed, the materials are not procured, the shipments are not delivered, the customers are not billed, and the business cannot survive. Information is considered to be the lifeblood of any organization (http://wiki. answers. com). It has far lesser impact when presented only as raw data. On the other hand damaged or lost data due to unorganized can cause disruptions in normal business activities leading to financial losses, law suits, etc. Companies have to be shifted in adopting new technology in order to remain competitive in a continuously developing business environment. This is where information systems (IS) come into play. In other words in order to maximize the value of information, it must be captured, analyzed, quantified, compiled, manipulated, made accessible, and shared through an information system (IS). It must be designed, developed, administered, and maintained which suits organizational needs and requirement. Information systems are organizational subsystems that perform ork related to information (Lucas H. C. Jr (1994) p. 52) Companies and other organizations are investing great sums in introducing information systems in the organization hoping to be able to make business more efficient and information sharing smoothly (Anna, 2009 cited at Obeng S. 2010). A sophisticated computer information system enables companies to monitor employees, to keep managers and employees informed, to coordinate activitie s among divisions, or even to sell their products to customers via the internet. Moreover, in the era of information technology like this, information has become valuable organizational asset just like human resources and inventories. Furthermore, a good information system can facilitate direct communication between firm and suppliers, manufacturers, dealers, and marketers. Together, they can create a value chain as though they were in one organization (Axos 2008). Information systems, which comprise hardware, software, data, applications, communication and people, help an organization to better manage and secure its critical corporate, customer and employee data. Information systems also improve integration and work processes and organization can gain continuous benefits. An information system can be a mainframe, mid-range or network computer concept that allows distributed processing for a group of users accessing the same software application. These systems provide management with control over their data, with various tools to extract data or view data structures and records. The role of an information system is to foster a data management environment that is robust and can be expanded according to an organizations strategic plan for information processing. An information system also satisfies diverse information needs in an organization Roles of Information System in an Organization One reason information system plays such an important role in organization and affect so many people is the soaring power and the decline on cost of computer technology. Organization nowadays can use powerful communication networks to access different locations around the world and coordinate activities across time and space. These networks are transforming the shape and the form of business enterprises. This report will not look into detail on the network used, instead will be focusing on the role and the capability of information system which required the organization to redesign, transform structure, scope of operations, reporting and control mechanisms, work practices, work flows, products and services (Lo P. 2005) Information system can flatten organizations which mean it can reduce number of employees and management levels. In other words, organization can reshape and retrench employee who is in redundancy and no longer need some of the positions. Thus, it reduces the number of levels in an organization by providing managers with information to supervise larger numbers of workers and by giving lower-level employees more decision-making authority. Team members can collaborate closely even from distance locations which means that the management span of control also been broadened. This means managers can manage and control more workers spread over greater distances. Through information system it is now possible to separate work from location and they can organize globally while working locally by the usage of e-mail, internet, and video conferencing. According to Laudon K. C. ; Laudon J. P. 2000, it can link people, assets and ideas to create and distribute products and services without being limited to traditional organizational boundaries or physical location and hence enabling different companies to join together to provide goods and services without physical linkage. It can also help to reorganize work flows and processes and have been progressively replacing manual work procedures with automated work procedures. It allows organization to cut costs significantly through displacing paper and manual routine as well as improving customer service. Redesigned workflows can also facilitate organization efficiency and can enable new organizational structures, products and services. Information system can increase flexibility to both small and large organizations by increasing their ability to respond to changes in the marketplace and to take advantage of new opportunities. It enables transactions such as payments and purchase orders to be exchanges electronically among different companies, thereby reducing the cost of obtaining products and services from outside the firm. Organization can share business data, catalogues or mail messages through such systems. It can create new relationships between organization, its customers and suppliers because information system automates the flow of information across organizational boundaries (Laudon K. C. ; Laudon J. P. (2000). Information System concepts Laudon K. C. ; Laudon J. P. (1995) p. 6 stated three common activities in an information system produce the information organizations need for making decisions, controlling operations, analyzing problems and creating new products or services. Input is the raw data from the world around us (Laudon K. C. et al (1995) p. 2). In other word input captures or collects raw data from within the organization or from its external environment. For example, Customers information, organizationââ¬â¢s products and services, internal operations, competitors and all the external data on the economy, markets etc. Processing entails converting this raw data into a useful form which means that computers are used to store data and then manipulate, rearrange, and an alyze this data according to a set of instructions called a program or software. The result of processing on the other hand is called output. Output entails displaying information to users which means that it transfers the processed information to the people or activities where it will be used. For example, many organizations would want their information to be disseminated and shared to the external parties which include the public, stockholders, government and etc. Types of Information Systems in organization Information systems must be sufficiently flexible to meet the needs of users at different levels in an organization. Facilitating the input, processing and output as mentioned earlier requires the use of several different types of information system. Thus, there are different types of information system used in organization. These include transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems and executive information systems. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Transaction processing systems help production workers to process transactions. Transaction means an event surrounding the production, distribution, sale and transportation of goods and services (Laudon K. C. et al 1995), cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions and the flow of material in the factory (Laudon K. C. ; Laudon J. P. 1995). The powerful feature of TPS is their ability to record routine and well-structured processes (Rowley J. 1996). It also helps to record sales, inventory or financial data. For example if an item were sold, the transaction processing system would ensure that the sale was posted in the sales journal and later when the invoice is raised to the accounts receivable file and to the inventory records. Output would be a printed list of detailed monthly statements for customers or a screen display of the stock levels of items in stock. Management Information System (MIS) Management information systems support managers in making decisions and to produce meaningful reports for managerial use (Rowley J. 1996). The purpose of this system is to help the business firm integrate new knowledge into the business and help organization control the flow of paperwork (Laudon K. C. ; Laudon J. P. 1995). MIS are suitable to use in decision making situations where the information requirements can be gathered and access in advance and the need for information occurs regularly. The highly structured information provided by these systems allows managers to evaluate an organizations performance by comparing current with previous outputs http://www. chris-kimble. com/Courses/World_Med_MBA/Types-of-Information-System. html. An example might be the decision to change the price of a given product. In order to make such a decision it is useful to have data on production costs, existing profitability of the product, past sales of that and other products, and the effect that a previous price rise had on sales, as well as data concerning the prices of comparable products from competitors. Decision Support Systems (DSS) Decision support systems help managers monitor, control, organize work, (Laudon K. C. et al 1995) decision making, and administrative activities (Laudon K. C. Laudon J. P. 1995). It is an information system that assists managers with unique, non-recurring strategic decisions that are relatively unstructured (Rowley J. 1996). According to Keen and Morton 1978, the systems support non-routine decision making (as cited in Laudon K. C. Laudon J. P. 1995, p. 13). A decision support system must be very flexible http://www. freetutes. com/systemanalysis/types-of-information-system. html It typically provides periodic reports rather than instant information on operations. It is therefore tend to support tactical and strategic decision making in situations where the risk associated with any error is high and a mistake can have serious consequences. These systems are often used to analyze existing structured information and allow managers to project the potential effects of their decisions into the future. An example is a relocation control system that reports on the total moving, house hunting, and home financing costs for employees in all company divisions, noting wherever actual costs exceed budgets. Executive Information Systems (EIS) Executive information systems are designed to assist top-level executives in the acquisition and use of the information that is necessary to support them in their top management of the organization (Rowley J. 1996). In other words it helps them to tackle and address key strategic issues and long term need, both in the firm and in the external environment. Executive Information System are designed to be operated directly by executives without the need for intermediaries and easily tailored to the preferences of the individual using them http://www. chris-kimble. com/Courses/World_Med_MBA/Types-of-Information-System. html. EIS support them by providing them quick access to detail and investigation of a problem once the problem or opportunity has been identified. Output on the screen often uses a mixture of graphics and tables. Benefits of using Information Systems Organization practicing pervasive as information systems has a wide range of significant benefits. They often view these as assets and a means to gain a competitive lead in their respective industry. There are number of benefits that organization could gain are as stated below: Enhance jobs Implementing Information Systems can make jobs more efficient in terms of releasing employees to do other important tasks. It is no longer for staff needed to spend valuable time sorting through statistics, data and other pertinent information because the system has ability to gather it for them. Information System provides a cost-effective way to conduct transactions, significantly cutting down the time involved in processing. Differentiation Information System provides the ability to strategically define organization in a way that makes the business stand out from the competition. Information systems can be integrated in such a way where customers can be offered something no one else provides. With a unique design that makes your business appealing to do business with, you can easily increase your customer base. Decision Making Information systems allow the vital element of providing real-time information. In todays competitive environment, a manager needs to make rapid decisions and to do this effectively and they need the most up to date information available to assist them. Properly designing their IS to custom fit the needs will enable them to accomplish this. Communication Information systems possess ways to effectively and efficiently share information. Automated communication is a time and resource saver and can add tremendous value to business. With the help of information system, communication can become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. Organization can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing. Globalizationà IS has not only brought the world closer together, but it has allowed the worlds economy to become a single interdependent system. This means that organization can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but they can also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a global village due to the help of information system allowing countries from different continent who are not only separated by distance but also by language to shares ideas and information with each other. Increasing Revenues IS used technology to generate revenue, for example by making information products available through computer systems (Lucas H. C. Jr 1994). There is an abundance of financial databases and services to which one can subscribe. It is possible to obtain hundreds of types of data about companies and their financial conditions. The Internet is the main source to advertise your products. Information system on the other hand has also helped to computerize the business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. Reducing Costs -One of the main benefits of implementing IS/IT in organizations has been cost savings. For instance, organization has automated clerical tasks to reduce costs. Insurance companies and banks on the other hand generate products that are really information; bills, notices, renewals, and so on represent output, products that must be printed and distributed to customers. These systems have resulted in elimination of existing positions, whereas others have reduced the number of additional employees needed in the future. Taking Ernst Young for example, the company has successfully reduced its office space by 2 million square feet by allowing their employees to work from home. http://www. bukisa. om/articles/20243_the-importance-of-information-system#ixzz1rMCWg2Uz Improving Quality One reason to use IS/IT is to improve the quality of output: computer aided design is a good example. An engineer or draftsman uses a computer terminal to create engineering drawings. He or she stores the drawing on a computer file; it can be recalled later for easy modification. A system like this will also plot a drawing copy; changes are redrawn in minutes. The syste m reduces much of the time of design work and has dramatically reduced the need for draftsman. Another example is through the usage of electronic data interchange (EDI) which connects firms to each other electronically. A typical application is order entry and acknowledgement. The use of EDI contributes to quality by reducing the opportunity for errors since data are entered only once. An information system offers a litany of benefits that help to make the process of managing information easier. Central access, easy back up, central distribution of information, easy record keeping, easy tax preparation, as well as easy customer trait identification http://www. blurtit. com/q8104822. html More and more people are working from their homes nowadays. Information technology has become so sophisticated it allows people to choose to work from home. Teleconferencing and video conferencing enable employees to beam in whenever needed How to ensure effective implementation of IS in organization When manager has decided to change processes along with software, they must create a phased in approach to their organizations changes in order to make the change successful. Usually the push towards a new software system is backed by a need to change business from the current way of doing things. Organization will become more efficient, to reduce paper usage, to provide better audit trail, to better market and care for a customer base and/or many other reasons. In order to implement change it is better to use conversion strategies in which to implement new system they cannot just simply forget the old system completely, it must done simultaneously so that change would become more effective. This is because if there is anything happen to the new system, the old system can still be easily retrieved. Changing too many things at once may overwhelm organizations staff. In addition, unless it is a very large company with a dedicated project team, it is very likely that they will not have the resources to properly supervise and implement both new software and new process. It is essential to really understand the full functionality of the system until it is implemented and are utilizing it for a period of time. Manager in organization will make better process decisions after going through the nuts and bolts pieces of the conversion and can now focus on all the bells and whistles the software offers. Organization need to provide sufficient training. It also allows staff to brainstorm with one another as they are getting used to the softwares functionality. It is vital to follow up training after implementation of the system, even if it is only a brief overview. Doing so, will allow manager to realize the full benefits of their system. It will also give organization updated information on the system. It is vital to involve the right people in the organization. It is also important to identify a champion in each key area of the organization that can ensure the success of the implementation. The champions do not necessarily need to be management, or supervisors. In fact, a trusted peer that is dedicated to the project may be able to better connect to the staff on the level of their daily duties (as well as provide excellent feedback regarding implementation details during the project). No matter what approach is being used by organization, implementing new software can definitely be a busy and stressful. Using these tips will assist more or less assist organization to a successful implementation. Conclusion In conclusion, it is surprising facts that there are many more companies still do not use information system in their organization. Information system enables companies to react, respond, cater, store, retrieve, disseminate, and control their new valuable asset that is information. In the years to come, a good information system within a company will be no longer an option; it will become a compulsory in determining success and to gain competitive advantage. Implementing a new system typically comes with a large price tag, but if business requirements and processes are properly and accurately identified, the payoffs can be big. Investing in information systems keeps a business competitive and helps an organization carry the ability to maintain visible status in the global economy. Without IS, a business will more than likely fall rapidly behind. The benefits of integrating technology within an organization can truly be limitless depending on the level of creativity, strategic planning and innovation in the decision making processes. REFERENCES Alter S. 1991, Information Systems: A Management Perspective, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. Axos 2008, The Importance of Information System http://www. bukisa. om/articles/20243_the-importance-of-information-system Fenwick T. et al. 2009, Reducing the Impact of Organizational Silos in Resilience, Resilient Organisations Research Report ââ¬â 2009/01. http://www. resorgs. org. nz/pubs/Silos. pdf Laudon K. C. Laudon J. P. 1995, Essentials of Management Information System, Prentice Hall Inc. ________________________ 2000, Management Information Systems, Pren tice Hall, New Jersey http://www. bonissen. de/ib/summaries/Business%20Informatics%20(2-3). PDF Laudon K. C. et al 1995, Information Technology: Concepts and Issues, Boyd Fraser Publishing Company. Lo. P 2005, The Information System Revolution http://www. peter-lo. com/Teaching/M7011/L01. pdf Lucas H. C. Jr 1994, Information Systems Concepts for Management, 5th Edition, Mitchell McGraw Hill Rowley J. 1996, The Basics of Information Systems, 2nd Edition, Library Association Publishing Obeng S. 2010 Information System and Its Importance in Organizations: Case Study of LA General Hospital http://www. modernghana. com/blogs/270543/31/information-system-and-its-importance-in-organizat. html Benefits of Information System accessed from: http://www. mallbusinessbible. org/advan_disadvan_informationtechnology. html http://www. helium. com/items/1703037-the-benefits-and-challenges-of-using-information-systems-in-business http://www. basicsofcomputer. com/is_information_system_development_process. htm Types of Information System accessed from: http://www. ehow. com/list_6117086_types-information-systems-business-organization. html http://www. basicsofcomputer. com/information_system_in_a n_organization. htm http://www. freetutes. com/systemanalysis/types-of-information-system. html http://www. ocstoc. com/docs/53534622/Types-of-Information-System http://www. docstoc. com/docs/94523820/Types-of-IS http://www. chris-kimble. com/Courses/World_Med_MBA/Types-of-Information-System. html What is Organization Accessed from: http://phaariz. files. wordpress. com/2010/03/laudon-feature-3. pdf http://www. helium. com/items/853154-maximizing-information-systems-to-gain-a-competitive-advantage http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/organization. html#ixzz1qhG5iYu7 http://wiki. answers. com/Q/Why_do_organizations_need_information_systems
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